HVDC Light Technology Essay Example for Free

HVDC come Technology EssayAbstractThis document reveals theHVDC fair DC transmittance technology.It is apply in underground transmittal and moreover provides point to point transmission.HVDC Light requires only two elements namely a converter transport and a correspond of ground cables. The new HVDC Light cable is an extruded, single-pole cable. It is ideally suited for feeding indicant into growing metropolitan areas from a suburban substation. HVDC Light is inwrought environmentally friendly cables instead of OH transmission declensions. Virtually no magnetic field. The environmental gains would be substantial, since the provide supplied via the DC cables will be transmitted from efficacious power plants in the main AC grid. 1. INTRODUCTIONA hundred years ago, the transformer and a new transmission and distributionbe controlled precisely and independently shadower replace overhead lines at no costcontrol capabilities that are not present oreconomically feasible to connect smallscale,Equally important, HVDC Light hasfor inefficient, polluting local anaesthetic generationfrequency, participating and reactive power canislands, mining districts and drilling consigns from a main AC-gridof each(prenominal) other. This technology also relieson a new type of underground cable which penalty platforms can be supplied with power from realistic even in the most forward-looking ACrenewable power generation. Renewable power generation plantssuch as diesel units.The potentiality, .Connect small scaleFeeding remote isolatedFlexible transmission placement technology, HVDC Light, makes it the main grid, on that pointby eliminating the needto the main AC grid. Vice versa,using thevery same technology, remote locations asthe three phase system made it possible totransmit AC power efficiently and economically over vast distances and todistributethe power toamultitude ofusers.Since then all aspects of transmission anddistribution have developed by means ofte chnical improvement and evolution. This AC transmission and distributiontechnology has made it possible to locategeneratingplants in optimum locations, andtoutilize them efficiently. This has alsoresulted in great environmental gains.Thermal plants have been located wherethey can be supplied with fuel through anefficient transportation system, therebyreducing waste and pollution.Hydro plantshave been located where the hydroresources can be used at the greatestadvantage. And bulky generating plantshave meant fewer overhead lines than amultitude of smaller generating plantswould have required.However, todays AC transmission anddistribution systems are, at least inprinciple, base on ideas that haventchanged much since a hundred years ago. To transmit power, step up the voltage withtransformers, transmit power, step downthe voltage and distribute power.Despitetheir turn out advantages, it is difficult andexpensive to adapt AC transmission anddistribution systems to the numerous small scalegenerating plants that are being built,or to the increasingly complex and variableproduction and load demands.Environmental concerns and regulationsalso vagabond heavy restrictions on shape uping right-of-ways and on small-scale, fossilfuelledgenerating plants, such as dieselgenerating plants.These new trends require networks that are tractile. The networks must be able to copewith large variations in load and frequentchanges in productions patterns with tougher environmental regulations.Also, in such flexible networks, the powerflow and the voltages require precisecontrol in order to make the grids stable and economic.2. TECHNOLOGYAs its name implies, HVDC Light is a DCtransmission technology. However, it isdifferent from the classic HVDCtechnology used in a large number oftransmission schemes. Classic HVDCtechnology is mostly used for large point-to-point transmissions, often over vastdistances across land or under water. It requires fast communications channels among the t wo stations, and there mustbe large rotating units generators orsynchronous condensers present in theAC networks at both ends of thetransmission.HVDC Light consists of only two elements a converter station and a pair ofground cables. The converters are voltagesource converters, VSCs. The siding from the VSCare determined by the controlsystem, which does not require anycommunications bear ons between the differentconverter stations. Also, they dont need torely on the AC networks ability to keepthe voltage and frequency stable. Thesefeatures make it possible to connect theconverters to the points bests suited for theAC system as a whole.Power range up to 100 MWIndependent control of active and reactive powerCan feed power to AC network without ownGeneration DCThe converter station is designed for apower range of 1-100 MW and for a DCvoltage in the 10-100 kV range. One suchstation occupies an area of less than 250sq. m. (2 700 sq. ft.), and consists ofjust a few elements two contai ners for theconverters and the control system, threesmall AC air-core reactors, a simpleharmonics filter and some cooling fans. 20MW18x12mThe converters are using a set of six valves,two for each phase, equipped with highpowertransistors, IGBT (Insulated GateBipolar Transistor). The valves arecontrolled by a computerized controlsystem by pulse width modulation, PWM.Since the IGBTs can be switched on or off, the output voltages and currents onthe AC side can be controlled precisely.The control system automatically adjuststhe voltage, frequency and flow of activeand reactive power according to the needsof the AC system.The PWM technology has been tried andtested for two decades in switched powersupplies for electronic equipment ascomputers.Due to the new, high powerIGBTs, the PWM technology can now beused for high power applications as electricpower transmission.HVDC Light can be used with regularoverhead transmission lines, but it reachesits full potential when used with a new kindof DC cable. The new HVDC Light cable isan extruded, single-pole cable. As anexample a pair of cables with a conductorof 95 sq mm aluminum can carry a load of30 MW at a DC voltage of +/-100KV.Handling the cable is easy. Despite its large power-carrying facultyit has a special weight of just over 1 kg/m.Contrary to the case with AC transmissiondistance is not the factor that determinesthe line voltage. The only limit is the costof the line losses, which whitethorn be lowered bychoosing a cable with a conductor with alarger cross section. Thus, the cost of apair of DC cables is linear with distance.Insulation 5.5 mm triple extruded disguise Copper wireSheath HDPEWeight 1.05 kg/mVoltage 100 kV DCCurrent 300 APower 30 MWConductor 95 mm2AluminumA DC cable partnership could be more costefficientthan even a medium distance ACoverhead line, or local generating unitssuch as diesel generators.The converter stations can be used indifferent grid configurations. A singlestation can connect a DC load or generatingunit, such as a photo-voltaic power plant,with an AC grid. Two converter stationsand a pair of cables make a point-to pointDC transmission with AC connections ateach end. trio or more converter stationsmake up a DC grid that can be connected toone or more points in the AC grid or todifferent AC grids.An HVDCLight network can be configured radial or meshed,like any network.The DC grids can be radial with multi-dropconverters, meshed or a combination ofboth. In other words, they can beconfigured, changed and expanded in muchthe same way AC grids are.3. APPLICATIONS3.1 OVERHEAD LINESIn general, it is getting increasingly difficultto build overhead lines. Overhead lineschange the landscape, and the constructionof new lines is often met by public resentment and political resistance. Peopleare often concerned about the possiblehealth hazards of living close to overheadlines. In addition, a right-of-way for a high voltage line occupant valuable land. The subroutine o f obtaining permissions forbuilding new overhead lines is alsobecoming time-consuming and expensive.Laying an underground cable is a mucheasier process than building an overheadline.A cable doesnt change the landscapeand it doesnt need a wide right-of-way.Cables are rarely met with any publicopposition, and the electromagnetic fieldfrom a DC cable pair is very low, and also a tranquil field. Usually, the process ofobtaining the rights for laying anunderground cable is much easier, quickerand cheaper than for an overhead line.A pair of HVDC Light cables can beplowed into the ground. Despite their largepower capacity, they can be put in placewith the same equipment as ordinary, AChigh voltage distribution cables. Thus,HVDC Light is ideally suited for feedingpower into growing metropolitan areasfrom a suburban substation.3.2 REPLACING LOCAL extensionRemote locations often need localgeneration if they are situated far-off awayfrom an AC grid. The distance to the gridmakes it technical ly or economicallyunfeasible to connect the area to the maingrid. Such remote locations may be islands,mining areas, bollocks up and petroleum fields or drillingplatforms. Sometimes the local generators use gas turbines, but diesel generators aremuch more common.An HVDC Light cable connection could bea better choice than building a local powerplant based on fossil fuels.Theenvironmental gains would be substantial,since the power supplied via the DC cableswill be transmitted from efficient powerplants in the main AC grid. Also, thepollution and noise produced when thediesel fuel is transported will be completelyeliminated by an HVDC line, as the needfor frequent maintenance of the diesels.Since the cost of building an HVDC Lightline is a linear unravel of the distance, abreak-even might be reached for as shortdistances as 50- 60 km.HVDC Light lowest costAC + Overhead lineHVDC Light + cableCost inner(a)AC gridDistance from the AC grid eliminate local diesel Cost/kWh3.3 CONNECTING P OWER GRIDSRenewable power sources are often builtfrom scratch, scratch on a small scaleand gradually expanded. Wind turbine farms is the typical case, but this is alsotrue for photovoltaic power generation.These power sources are usually locatedwhere the conditions are particularlyfavorable, often far away from the mainAC network. At the beginning, such aslowly expanding energy resource cannotsupply a remote community with enoughpower.An HVDC Light bind could be anideal solution in such cases.First, the link could supply the communitywith power from the main AC grid,eliminating the need for local generation.The HVDC Light link could also supply thewind turbine farm with reactive power for the generators, and keeping the powerfrequency stable.When the power output from the windgenerators grows as more units are added,they may supply the community with asubstantial share of its power needs. Whenthe output exceeds the needs of theCommunity, the power flow on the HVDCLight link is rev ersed automatically, and thesurplus power is transmitted to the mainAC grid.Wind powerSmall scale hydropowerHVDC LightExtruded cableDistant ac- gridWaste gas is usually burnt-out at offshoredrillingplatforms, since it is too expensive,or technically difficult, to use the gas for power generation and transmit it by an ACcable to the main grid on the shore. Thus,the energy content of the gas is wasted, andthe primitive burning process is source ofpollution. With an HVDC Lightunderwater cable transmission, the gas canbe used as gas turbine fuel, supplying boththe platform and the main AC grid withpower. The process of burning the gas ingas turbines would also produce much acleaner exhaust than simple burning woulddo.The DC underwater cable network could easily be widen to other offshoreplatforms.3.4 ASYNCRONOUS LINKSTwo AC grids, adjacent to each other butrunning asynchronously with respect toeach other, cannot exchange any powerbetween each other. If there is a surplus ofgenerating c apacity in one of the grids itcannot be utilized in the other grid. Each ofthe networks must have its own capacity of peak power generation, usually in the formof older, inefficient fuel fossil plants, ordiesel or gas turbine units. Thus, peakpower generation is often a source ofsubstantial pollution, and their fueleconomy is frequently bad.A DC link, connecting two such networks,can be used for combining the generationcapacities of both networks. Cheap surpluspower from one network can replace peakpower generation in the other. This willresult in both reduced pollution levels andincreased fuel economy. The powerexchange between the networks is alsovery easy to measure accurately.4. ADVANTAGES* Transmission by HVDC Light saves the environment by replacing local fossil-fueled generation withtransmission from main AC-grid. * Connecting small scale renewable power to main AC grid. * HVDC Light is inherent environmentally friendlycables instead of OH transmission lines. * Virtually no m agnetic field. * No ground currents because of bipolar transmission.5. CONCLUSIONHVDC Light technology saves theenvironment by replacing remote fossilfuelledgenerators with cost-efficienttransmission of power from efficient andclean, large-scale generation productionunits. The efficiency of a modern, largescale, thermal generating plant is usually 25percent higher than that for a modernsmall or moderate scale diesel generatorplant,Vice versa, HVDC Light provides aconvenient and cost-effective way forconnecting renewable and non-pollutingenergy sources as wind power farms andphotovoltaic power plants to a main grid.The HVDC Light technology in itself hasstrong environmental benefits.Since poweris transmitted via a pair of underground cables, the electromagnetic fields from thecables cancel each other. Any residual fieldis a static field, as opposed to the powerfrequencyfields radiated from AC cables.Since HVDC Light transmissions arebipolar, they do not inject any currents intothe gr ound. Ground currents can disturbcommunications systems or causecorrosion on gas or oil pipelines.A pair of light-weight DC cables can beeasily plodded into the ground at a costthat is comparable to or less than for acorresponding AC overhead line. Asopposed to an overhead line, anunderground cable pair has no visualimpact at all on the landscape. Usually itsalso much easier to obtain permissions andpublic approval for a cable transmissionthan for an overhead line, especially inresidential areas.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOur sincere thanks to HOD and FACULTIES for promote us to prepare the above document. A special thanks to IEEE.orgREFERNCES1 K. Eriksson, HVDC Light and development of Voltage SourceConverters, IEEE TD 2002 Latin America, So Paulo, Brazil, March. 2 L. Carlsson, G. Asplund, H. Bjrklund, M. berg, Present trends inHVDC converter station design IV SEPOPE Conference, Foz doIguacu, Brazil. 3IEEE explorer.org

The Mongolia Life Cycle Sociology Essay

The Mongolia Life Cycle Sociology EssayMongolias population of 2.8 million is growing annu everyy by 1.5 percent. One-third of Mongolians be in the capital, Ulaanbaatar. Approxi swainly one-fourth sleep with in sm every last(predicate)er cities, especially Darhan, Erdenet, and Choybalsan. The rest of the population is spread throughout rural Mongolia. Most of these inhabitants atomic number 18 nomadic herders. With rural conditions increasingly harsh, much raft argon moving to cities-a trend that threatens the survival of traditional nomadic society.Reform has allowed freedom of religion, and more than one hundred monasteries read re cave ined. Many young Mongolians ar receiving an education through these traditional centers of learning, and people atomic number 18 once again able to practice cherished traditions. Boys are increasingly applying to become monastics, and Buddhism is rapidly sustainting even its popularity. Kazakh Muslims (about 4 percent) are free to practi ce Islam. Christianity is gaining influence.Urban marriage ceremony ceremonies take place in wedding palaces. laterward, many couples now go to a Buddhistic monk to receive a blessing or pick up their future predicted. A large feast treats as many relatives and friends as the new couples families kindle grant to feed. In rural areas, common-law marriages are typical. cracker-barrel couples receive a ger from the hubbys family. Mongolian families traditionally exchange gifts in conjunction with a wedding. The develops family unremarkably gives livestock, duration the brides family offers jewelry and clothing.( shade Grams) discipline civilisation-including societal organization, g everywherenance, land management, cultural customs, and material culture-was largely shaped by the nomadic pastoral conductstyle. The legacy of Genghis Khans empire is a rallying point for Mongol nationalist pride today.http//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlLamaism, the Tibetan form of B uddhism, entered the Mongolian society in the sixteenth century. It had a strong impact on the Mongolian culture for centuries. Mongols sought the counsel and help of the lama (priest or monk) for every aspect of their life migration, marriage, child carry, disease, and death. Since 1949, Lamaist beliefs and practices have decreased drastically.http//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlAfter the fall of communism, Mongolia witnessed a religious revival and more and more people sought comfort from spiritual activities. Despite being unfamiliar with religious ceremonies and prayers, people flocked to temples for religious work and many families began to send one of their children to join the monkhood.The devout also conduce money to the temples and invite the Lamas to their homes for lavish feasts.(REL)Due to Mongolias small population, women are a vitally of import part of the workforce. Men and women have an equal place in the Mongolian economy and this equa lity carries over into the home. Women still tend to do more than half the housework and play the primary use of goods and services in supporting the family, scarcely the determination of the Mongolian woman is undergoing rapid change.(WIC)PeopleMongoliaTop of rapscallionPopulation2,832,224 (July 2006 est.)Age structure0-14 geezerhood 27.9% (male 402,448/female person 387,059)15-64 years 68.4% (male 967,546/female 969,389)65 years and over 3.7% (male 45,859/female 59,923) (2006 est.)Median agetotal 24.6 yearsmale 24.3 yearsfemale 25 years (2006 est.)Population growth rate1.46% (2006 est.)Birth rate21.59 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)Death rate6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) lucre migration rate0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)Sex ratioat birth 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years 1 male(s)/female65 years and over 0.77 male(s)/femaletotal population 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)Infant mortality ratetotal 52.12 deaths/1,000 live bi rthsmale 55.51 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale 48.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)Life expectancy at birthtotal population 64.89 yearsmale 62.64 yearsfemale 67.25 years (2006 est.)Total profusion rate2.25 children born/woman (2006 est.)HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome adult prevalence rateless than 0.1% (2003 est.)HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDSless than 500 (2003 est)HIV/AIDS deathsless than 200 (2003 est.)Nationalitynoun Mongolian(s)adjective MongolianEthnic chemical groupsMongol ( just aboutly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)ReligionsBuddhist Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4% (2004)LanguagesKhalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)Literacydefinition age 15 and over can read and writetotal population 97.8%male 98%female 97.5% (2002)https//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mg.htmlPeopleBirthhttp//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/w c/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//www.birthdaycelebrations.net/traditions.htm (Birthday Celebration)http//www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ (Birth % of Skilled bid at Delivery)http//www.who.int/reproductive-health/global_monitoring/data.html (Birth % of Skilled ensuant at Delivery)http//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to heathen Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, matrimony, Family, Recreation, Death/After Lifehttp//www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ spontaneous miscarriage/profiles.htm (Abortion)How is birth viewed in the culture?Fertility is important in Mongolian society, so childless women usually experience social stigma.(WIC)Are there any customs regarding the way newborns should be swaddled, whether they stay in the house, carried around in public, etc.?Are babies normally birthed in hospitals or at home?Is there a preference for doctors or midwives?Skilled attendant at delivery (%), 1997-2005*97http//www. unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.htmlMore than 95 percent of all pregnant Mongolian women receive ante-natal headache. As of 2004, the maternal mortality rate was 98 deaths per 100,000 live births. Estimated infant mortality rates for 2006 are 52 per 1,000.(WIC)Are there any formalities/celebrations in the culture regarding newborns?Among Buddhists there are many naming ceremonies. In some traditions, children are named between the ages of three and eight. After children are born, their parents have their Kikas drawn up. The Kika is a very specific horoscope which many Buddhists weigh determines all aspects of a persons life including marriage and death. At the naming ceremony, a rimpoche, or Buddhist holy person, looks carefully at the childs Kika and selects a name which reflects the traits and predictions expound in the Kika. After cutting a strand of the childs hair, the rimpoche announces the childs name.http//72.14.205.104/search?q=cacheybpfeaiYiCUJrainbowwarrio r.coa.edu/laura/ceremony/religiuosceremony.htm+Buddhist+naming+ceremonieshl=engl=inct=clnkcd=1How are birthdays celebrated in the culture? Are they important events?How does the culture view abortion?Abortions are ratified in Mongolia and available on implore.(WIC)ABORTION POLICYGrounds on which abortion is permittedTo save the life of the woman YesTo preserve physical health YesTo preserve mental health YesRape or incest YesFoetal impairment YesEconomic or social reasons YesAvailable on request YesAdditional requirementsAn abortion can be performed during the first three months of pregnancy and later if the pregnant woman suffers from an disease seriously threatening her health. Approval of the family or of the spouse is required.REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CONTEXT regimen view on fertility aim No authorized position authorities intervention concerning fertility level No interventionGovernment policy on contraceptive use Direct support provided ploughshare of currently married women u singmodern contraception (15-49*,1994) 25Total fertility rate (1995-2000) 2.6Age-specific fertility rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1995-2000) 47Government has verbalized particular concern aboutMorbidity and mortality resulting from induced abortion NoComplications of childbearing and childbirth YesMaternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births, 1990)National 65Eastern Asia 95Female life expectancy at birth (1995-2000) 67.3For all women of ages specified.BACKGROUNDUnder the Mongolian Criminal Code of 6 July 1960, abortion was generally illegal. If it was performed by a physician, it was punishable by up to two years imprisonment. If it was performed by a person lacking the highest medical qualifications, or if performed under unsanitary conditions, the punishment was increased to up to five years imprisonment. Nonetheless, under general criminal law principles of necessity, an abortion could be performed to save the life of the pregnant woman.In 1986, the abortion provisions of the Code were amended. Although abortion is in general still considered a serious offence, the Code authorized medical administration to establish the conditions for the performance of legal abortions. Three years later in 1989, the health law was amended to reflect this change. Paragraph 56 of the Code was modify to provide that becoming a mother was a matter of a womans own decision. During the first three months of pregnancy she could obtain an abortion on request and, later in pregnancy, when necessary due to illness. Abortions were to be performed by physicians under hospital conditions, and the Ministry of Health was to approve a list of illnesses justifying the performance of an abortion on medical grounds.The health law was revised in 1998 further its provisions on abortion remained the same. The 1996 National Population Policy of Mongolia adopted by parliament stated that abortion should not be promoted as a means of family planning. The Government considers the abo rtion rate to be too high. The Government also reiterated in 1999 that abortion is generally permitted if a pregnant woman requests it and that abortion is publicly subsidized.Prior to these amendments to the law enacted in the late 1980s, legal provisions governing abortion in Mongolia echoed the pronatalist population policy of the Government. In responding to the Eighth United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development, the Government indicated no position on the fertility level and no policy to modify it. The Government remains seriously concerned over the high levels of infant, child and maternal mortality.The Government has attributed the relatively high abortion rate, 25.9 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44, to shortages of modern contraceptives, as well as to a lack of knowledge concerning contraceptive use. Many women choose to have abortions carried out illegally by private physicians because of cheaper costs. Induced abortion accounts for a large pe rcentage of maternal mortality in Mongolia, causing at least 850 maternal deaths each year.The Government seeks to increase the contraceptive prevalence rate to more than 50 per cent by 2001. The National Reproductive Health Programme was adopted in 1997. The Government reports that, since the International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in 1984, successful steps have been undertaken to ensure access of women to reproductive health-care services. Each boor centre and some district cities have established reproductive health cabinets attached to the local public health centres. These cabinets provide services such as counselling, and pregnancy monitoring and evaluation. A National Adolescent Health Programme was adopted in 1997.http//www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/profiles.htmChildhoodhttp//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//www.right-to-education.org/content/age/arme nia.htmlhttp//www.cohre.org/get_attachment.php?attachment_id=3069 (Sub-Saharan Africa Rights of Womenhttp//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to Cultural Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, Marriage, Family, Recreation, Death/After LifeWhat is a normal childhood in the culture?Are children raised by their parents or grandparents?What role do grandparents and extended family members play in the raising of a child?Attitudes about child rearing are generally quite relaxed and all family members participate in the supervision and moral education of children.http//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlWhat are normal childhood activities in the culture?Are children revered or just another(prenominal) piece of the population?Are male children valued more?At what age do children begin school?Offices are generally open weekdays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 to 6 p.m. Shops are open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Grocery stores have the same hours a s shops but often are open on Sunday. A large open market featuring consumer goods, rural crafts, and assorted items operates several days a week on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar.(Culture Grams)Are children expected to contribute to household income?How is child labor viewed in the society?Coming of Agehttp//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to Cultural Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, Marriage, Family, Recreation, Death/After LifeWhat mark a childs coming of age in this culture?At what age do children normally come of age?Are there certain rites or celebrations that mark coming of age?What is expected of youth in this phase of life?Are there certain difficulties experienced by this age group?At what age are children expected to work contribute to the maintenance of the family?Dating Courtshiphttp//www.everyculture.com /Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/ (Sexuality )http//www2.hu-berlin.de/ end upology/IES/ (Sexuality)http//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to Cultural Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, Marriage, Family, Recreation, Death/After LifeWhat are the general attitudes about dating in the culture?Dating is fairly common.(WIC)Dating between schoolmates and coworkers comm tho leads to marriage.(Culture Grams)Is there are tone between courtship and dating in the culture?At what age do people generally start dating?How do men and women realise each other?Mongolian women usually meet men at schools, in the workplace, and at social gatherings.(WIC)If dating is not customary, describe how people get together for marriage? Is it arranged?If marriages are arranged, talk about how. What are the rituals around it (classified ads, matchmakers, astrology, etc.). If m arriages are arranged, what are the factors in finding a suitable mate?Are chaperones customary? If so, who serves as the chaperone?Are there popular venues for dating?Does a man or woman pay for dating expenses? specify a typical dating experience.How long do people generally ensure before they get married?Generally speaking in the culture, what are considered desirable attributes in a man?Generally speaking in the culture, what are considered desirable attributes in a woman?Does religion play a role in dating?What are taboos of dating in the culture?Is sex in dating common or taboo? What is the view of pre-marital sex?If premarital sex is common, is birth control promoted, practiced, or taboo?Is cross-cultural dating or cross-religious dating allowed or encouraged? Do people date outside their social, economic, education, religious, and ethnic categories?How important are parents/family approval for dating?How does a proposal for marriage occur?Arranged marriages are traditional in Mongolia, but for the last century, young Mongolians have become increasingly free to choose their own partners with minimal parental involvement. They normally marry within their own tribes.(WIC)Marriagehttp//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//www.worldweddingtraditions.com/locations/asian_traditions.html(Wedding Celebration)http//www.myhappylove.com/lyrics/wedding-traditions.html (Wedding Celebration)http//www.right-to-education.org/content/age/armenia.html(Minimum Schooling / Marriage / Employment Age )http//www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/population/demographic_year_book/2003_edition/04%20country%20data/ ( Population/Marriage/ Divorce/ Fertility)http//www.cohre.org/get_attachment.php?attachment_id=3069 (Sub-Saharan Africa Rights of Womenhttp//kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/ (Sexuality)http//www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/ (Sexuality)http//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to Cultur al Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, Marriage, Family, Recreation, Death/After Lifehttp//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reports.htm (For the status of women rights)http//www.international- break up.com/ (Divorce Custody)http//www.aupairinamerica.com/hostfamilies/culturequest_index.htmIs marriage considered a sacred/spiritual act or simply a legal act in the culture?At what age do people normally get married?The legal marriage age for Mongolian women is 18, but most women marry in their early to mid twenties.(WIC)Mongolians usually marry between the ages of 18 and 25.(Culture Grams)Does hierarchy in the family play a role in who is able to get married or who gets married first?How are marriages celebrated? What are the rituals associated with the marriage ceremony?A custom of denying entrance on marrying has been common among the nomadic and seminomadic Mongols. The bridegroom, accompanied by relatives, rides to the brides yurt (house). He finds the doo r slammed in his face. After repeated requests, the door is finally opened. He presents a hada (ceremonial silk scarf) to his parents-in-law on enter and is given a banquet with a whole lamb. After the meal, the bride sits with her back to the others. The bridegroom kneels behind her and asks what her nickname was in childhood. He drinks at her house all night long. The following day, the bride leaves the yurt first. She circles the yurt on horseback three times, then speeds along to the bride-grooms house. The bridegroom and his relatives ride after her. The door is also slammed in her face and is only opened after repeated requests.http//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlUrban wedding ceremonies take place in wedding palaces. Afterward, many couples now go to a Buddhist monk to receive a blessing or have their future predicted. A large feast treats as many relatives and friends as the new couples families can afford to feed. In rural areas, common-law marr iages are typical. Rural couples receive a ger from the husbands family. Mongolian families traditionally exchange gifts in conjunction with a wedding. The grooms family usually gives livestock, while the brides family offers jewelry and clothing.(Culture Grams)The wedding day is begun at a local temple where the couple separately asks for the blessings of Buddha. Both bride and groom are then dressed in outfits traditional to their region.At the mutually auspicious astrologically designated wedding time, the bride and groom are individually taken to the shrine room of their local temple or a hall hired for the occasion. Here, the couple sees each other for the first time on that day.Spiritual Buddhist wedding traditions dont necessarily require the presence of monks or the use of a temples shrine room. For these traditions, the wedding location would be equipped with a shrine to Buddha featuring candles, flowers, incense and a statue or image of Buddha.The ceremony begins as the en tire assembly recites the Vandana, Tisarana and Pancasila readings. The couple then lights the candles and incense sticks surrounding Buddhas image and offers him the flowers within the shrine. Because of the secularity of Buddhist weddings, there is no assigned set of marriage vows. However, the bride and groom will recite their expected undertakings using the Sigilovdda Sutta as a guide. The Sigiloydda Sutta saysIn five ways should a wife, as Western quarter, be ministered to by her husband by respect, by courtesy, by faithfulness, by handing over authority to her, by providing her with ornaments. In these five ways does the wife minister to by her husband as the Western quarter, love him her duties are well-performed by hospitality to kin of both, by faithfulness, by watching over the goods he brings and by skill and industry in discharging all business.After these vows are spoken, the bride and groom can exchange rings. If monks are present, the marriage vows will be both preced ed and proceeded by their chanting.After the Wedding erst officially married, the couple receives their guests with the huge feast and decorations prepared in the previous days to the wedding.http//www.urbandharma.org/udnl2/nl021004.htmlFinally, the assembly or perhaps the parents only, should recite the Mangala Sutta and Jayamangala Gatha as a blessing.http//www.buddhanet.net/funeral.htmWhat are the cultural expectations of marriage?Do men and women have equal say in their marriages?What are the typical roles of the man and woman in marriage?How much do parents or in-laws have to say about their offsprings marriage? What degree of involvement do they generally have?Where do couples normally residein their own place, with parents, etc.?The sons, after marrying, move out of their parents home. However, they live nearby and may travel with their parents in search of new pastures. In seminomadic districts, families often include parents, sons, and daughters-in-law.http//www.everycultur e.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlAre affairs common? Are they culturally accepted?Are men or women allowed to have multiple spouses?Mongolian traditional society allowed polygamy as long as the husband could provide for each wife. However, polygamy was legally banned some time ago and is no longer practiced.(WIC)Do laws equally protect the rights of individuals in a marriage?How are anniversaries celebrated in the culture?Is dissever legal or acceptable in the culture? Under what circumstances is it acceptable to divorce?What is the process in the event of a divorce?Mongolian women could initiate divorce and remarry afterwards. In such cases the new husbands usually accepted a divorced woman along with her children, as acquiring a ready-made family was believed to indicate an existing spiritual connection.(WIC)Do women retain any rights?What happens to children of a divorce?A Mongolian woman can initiate divorce. In most divorce cases, the mothers get custody of minor chi ldren.(WIC)Is remarriage for widows condoned in the society?Family Parentinghttp//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlhttp//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlhttp//www.cohre.org/get_attachment.php?attachment_id=3069 (Sub-Saharan Africa Rights of Womenhttp//map.sscs.org.au/Documents/cultural_dictionary.pdf (Similar to Cultural Grams)Culture Grams which is in our WTP Folder Birth, Dating, Marriage, Family, Recreation, Death/After Lifehttp//www.unece.org/stats/trend/ (Population/ Families households/ Employment/ Housing)http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/country-profiles.html (Family)http//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reports.htm (For the status of women rights)http//www.international-divorce.com/ (Divorce Custody)What does the family unit in a home look wish? (i.e. 2 parents, children? Parents, children, all relatives?, etc.)Is there an imposed or cultural idea about how many children are the right amount for a family?What is the typical fami ly sizing?Nomadic extended families often live in a camp of several gers. Husbands take care of herding and slaughtering, while wives handle milking and food preparation. Older children care for younger siblings.Urban families live either in high-rise apartments or in a ger, with its surrounding fence and storage shed. A ger in or near a city will have electricity but not heat or water. Due to a housing shortage, three generations must often share a small apartment parents sleep in the living room and children and grandparents in the bedrooms. Urban families have one or two children. Both parents generally work outside the home. Networks of family reciprocity are an important means of support. For example, rural relatives may supply their city relatives with meat and dairy products, and the urban dwellers may reciprocate by taking one or more of the rural familys children to live with them in the city so they may receive a better education.(Culture Grams)Traditionally, families wer e the main unit of production in this herding society. The kinship system was patrilineal and sons generally established households in a common camp with their fathers.several(prenominal) generations of families customarily live together in a nomadic camp known as a khot ail (group of tents) and share herding tasks. This camp, generally consisting of two to seven-spot households, serves as a way of pooling labor for herding and has numerous social and ritual functions.http//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlA Mongolian family generally consists of a husband, a wife, and their young children.http//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlHow central are children to the family?What are the general reasons for having children?Children have always been treasured in Mongolian culture, and large families were historically the norm. Large families were considered desirable because many children ensured extra help and security measure in old age. Although family siz e is changing today, the country is still so sparsely populated that some people still believe it is advantageous to have as many Mongolians as possible.http//www.everyculture.com/Ma-Ni/Mongolia.htmlHow important is birth or gender order?Is there a family hierarchy or cultural custom in toll of childbearing (i.e. the youngest child of a family may not have children until the eldest has had them, etc.)What is the expectation or role of each parent after the birth of the child?Who is the head of the household?Mongolian women traditionally held a higher social status than women in many Asian cultures. Still, a womans primary role was as a homemaker.(WIC)The father is head of the family, but the mother is responsible for household affairs.(Culture Grams)Who makes the chief decisions for the family?The Mongols are monogamous. The family is dominated by the man, but herders usually relate their wives about major decisions.http//www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Mongols.htmlT raditionally, Mongolia has always been a patriarchal society. Mongolian proverbs such as If a husband does not beat his wife once a month, he is not a manToday, Mongolian men often maintain the appearance that they are the family decision-makers, even if their wives actually make the decisions. However, the number of single-parent families headed by women is growing in Mongolia.(WIC)Who earns the income?Who customarily manages the household? (Mother, Father, Grandparent?)Describe typical family life? (daily routines)What are the roles of the children (up to 10 yrs.)?What are the roles of adolescents (11 and up)?What are typical/favorite family activities?Urban wedding ceremonies take place in wedding palaces. Afterward, many couples now go to a Buddhist monk to receive a blessing or have their future predicted. A large feast treats as many relatives and friends as the new couples families can afford to feed. In rural areas, common-law marriages are typical. Rural couples receive a g er from the husbands family. Mongolian families traditionally exchange gifts in conjunction with a wedding. The grooms family usually gives livestock, while the brides family offers jewelry and clothing.(Culture Grams)Is meal sharing with the family typical/ authorisation?Dinner is considered the main meal of the day. The whole family generally eats dinner together.(Culture Grams)Is divorce common?Today, divorce is relatively rare in Mongolia. In most divorces, mothers receive the custody of children and are entitled to child support and alimony.(WIC)With whom to the children go if there is a divorce?What cultural expectations are there in terms of duty to parents?. What or how much do children owe their parents in adulthood? Does hierarchy/economics/education/or other play a role in terms of which child has more responsibilities or duty requirements? (i.e. in Japan/Korea, etc.)Most Mongolians live in nuclear families, tho

Environmental Effects on COPD

Environmental Effects on COPDChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an obstructive airway roughness characterized by the slowly progressive and irreversible decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), accompanied by pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis (Rabe et al. 2007 Cazzola et al. 2015) it develops with decreasing lung function as a function of age in the normal population (Ito and Barnes, 2009). Despite the heritability of 40-77%, a host of other influences potbelly also exacerbate this condition (Young et al., 2009). Rather the study and progression of COPD involves multiple genes, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions (idzik et al. 2008 de Jong et al. 2015). Smoking exposure is considered as the most important risk factor for the development of COPD (Chan-Yeung et al. 2007 Kurmi et al.2015) with mild and moderate COPD cases having a three- fold risk of developing lung cancer within ten years, which increases to a ten-fold risk with severe COPD comp ard to the smokers with normal lung function (El-Zein et al. 2012). on that point also however exists COPD-associated increased mortality from lung cancer in non-ever smokers (Turner et al. 2007 Kiri et al. 2010 Aldrich et al.2015).Despite quarrying and mining activities as important occupational set-ups inducing COPD (Jhoncy et al. 2011 Iftikhar et al. 2009), yet work-place appointment of this occupational disease has not come to attention on pursuing literature related to COPD. Also there is uncertainty in prognosis of COPD although a number of validated indices exist (Briggs et al. 2008). As these indices require in-puts from patients and the interpretation by the care-giver/physician, these may not be able to cater to disease-identification in the field. In the usher study, the on-site disease-identification using the recommended spirometry rating (Briggs et al. 2008Shiota et al. 2015) to recognize COPD cases at stone-crushing units (dust exposure) was carried out . Such an identification at the workplace gains importance as 50-80% of COPD are missed-out on the basis of mis diagnosis/co-current diagnosis due to relying on reported symptoms which are not sufficiently sensitive and / or because of failure of persons to report to the health provider (Levy et al. 2009).The effect of various environmental stressors from occupational exposures needs to be assessed for prediction of cancer outcome(s) (Fenech, 2002) as 90% of cancer is environmental in origin (Hemminki et al. 2006). COPD has also been identified as an independent risk factor for lung cancer with inflammation as the pathophysiologic factor for high risk of its progression (Sin et al. 2006 Hillas et al.2015) and smoking- induced COPD associated with lung cancer has also been documented (Koshiol et al. 2009). While mechanisms presidential term the risk of developing neoplastic disease are not well known (Barreiro, 2008), of the various theories, oxidative stress may be playing a pivot al role in its manifestation. In COPD, oxidative stress has been observed as ensuing from decreased FEV1 (Kluchov et al. 2007), substantial inflammatory response increasing cytokines as triggered by exogenous dust particles (Yang et al. 2011) and decreased antioxidants because of depletions of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbic acid and vitamin E (Borm et al. 2004).The impaired oxidant-antioxidant status can cause cellular monetary value DNA upon can result from the action of reactive oxygen species (Jackson and Loeb, 2001) and is the underlying cause of mutations leading to cancer (Bernstein, 2012).Chromosomal misemploy (increased micronuclei frequency) in peripheral blood lymphocytes has been extensively employ for predicting risk of cancer (Fenech et al. 2011) and oxidative DNA damage is also implicated in carcinogenesis, ageing and age-related neurodegenerative diseases (Fortini et al. 2003, Nishigori et al. 2004). The major form of oxidat ive DNA damage is 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) resulting from GT and AC base substitutions. It may lead to mutagenesis if unrepaired and is directly correlated with lung carcinogenesis (Gackowski et al. 2006). The lesion 8-OHdG is an established biomarker of oxidative stress/oxidative DNA damage and being potentially mutagenic, it is useful as an intermediate marker of a disease end-point like cancer (Cheng et al. 1992). Therefore in the present study, 8-OHdG level was assessed as a pre-lesion of neoplasia in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of COPD- identified cases at stone-crushing units. Although the leukocytes are not the direct target of the exposure at this workplace, they may possibly be affected by the accumulated unmetabolized toxic compound(s) in the lung (Gackowski et al. 2003). This hence prompted the assessment of oxidative DNA damage in the peripheral blood leukocytes and also because of the non- availability of the target (lung) cells.The biomarkers of expos ure and effect, and clinical disease (cancer) may further be influenced by susceptibility genotypes and their gene products as pre-dispositional factors (Their et al. 2003). Also as DNA damage and DNA repair have a major role in carcinogenesis and from occupational settings, the susceptible metabolic genotypes (gene products) may inherently be associated in create patrimonial damage. Therefore genotyping of the occupational workforce was carried out for glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene variants (both for disease susceptibility and genetic damage) since GST alleles have been documented to have an association with COPD (Young et al. 2011). Furthermore, a trim expression of these alleles has also been observed in the air passage of COPD patients (Imboden et al. 2001 Lakhdar et al. 2011) and hence the expression of glutathione-s-transferases was also estimated. Association of the Val/Ala variants of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) with lung cancer (Wang et al. 2001) furthe r confirm the genotyping of this allele and assessing its expression. Variant forms of these susceptible genes are generally common in the population. Due to their specificities for substrates they interact with during environmental exposures, they can increase the risk for disease-causation (Lan et al. 2000). Incidentally, GST and SOD enzymes are also involved in the metabolic and oxidative stress pathways (Borm et al. 2004), and since stone-crushing is an inflammation-triggering occupation (Vallyathan et al. 1995), the assessment of the amounts of these enzymes was thought appropriate.The purpose of the present study was two-fold. On one snuff it to identify COPD cases from workplace exposure (occupation-related disease) and hence assist in identifying missing COPD cases using recommended (spirometry) measurements (Briggs et al. 2008, Young et al. 2011) and COPD categorizations (GOLD, 2003). The other (main) purpose was to determine the propensity (Prognostic Index/score) for ge netic damage and by extension an increased likelihood for carcinogenesis as ensuing from the combined effects/interactions of prognostic (risk) factors in COPD cases (the workers exposed to industrial-type prevalent conditions) at stone-crushing units. This entailed the evaluation for the presence of oxidative stress (GSH and SOD) and oxidative DNA damage in workers at stone-crushing units genotyped for the GST and MnSOD genes.

Natural gas as source of energy

congenital bobble as source of slide fastener acknowledgementI Munish kumar of B.Tech MBA (IT) want to express my intense feeling and experienced that I had darn making this term paper.I am really thankful to our interpersonal chemistry Mam Mrs. Sonika who not only give us this term paper to do yet in like manner widen our view in respective topic.Last but not the least, I would equivalent to thanks my friends who not only encourage me but also helped in completing this term paper. Introduction to intrinsic botch up as a source of elan vitalIt is a mixture of hydro snows (molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen and bollix upes (most notably methane, ethane, propane, and butane) that exist born(p)ly in rocks below the surface of the earth. it is widely dod as a hot uping source, and in some cases specific portions of the intrinsic attack argon drilld as commencement materials in industrial processes. inbred gas is the product of the decaying of living mat ter over millions of years. specific conditions (including low oxygen levels) ar necessary for this to occur. the hydrogen gases argon trapped in geological take a crapations known as anticlines. each of the major hydrocarbon comp iodinnts of natural gas is utilise as a give the axe source.before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must chthoniango extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. the by-products of that processing accept ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.natural gas is a versatile source of energy, which can be used by opposite actors. warming and electricity generation have been the main traditional uses.Description/technical characteristicsNatural gas is colour little, odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than air. it is gaseous at any temperature over -161 c. when it is at its natural state, it is not possible to see or smell nat ural gas. for uninjuredty reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like rotten eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural gas so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak.Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes. otherwise compounds found in natural gas include co2, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. the composition of natural gas is never constant, however, the primary component of natural gas is methane (typically, at least 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (ch4). methane is passing flammable, burns considerably and almost completely, while it emits very little air pollution. natural gas is neither corrosive nor toxic, its ignition temperature is high, and it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fossil fuel comp ared to other fuel sources. in addition, because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air (1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak.The carbon and hydrogen in natural gas are thought to have originated from the remains of plants and animals that were accumulated at the bottom of lakes and oceans over millions of years. After having been buried under huge layers of other sediments, the organic material is transformed into crude oil and natural gas as a result of the high pressure from the layers of sediments and the heat from the earths core. The oil and gas are then squeezed out of the marine shales in which they were deposited, and from there go into poriferous sedimentary rocks. oil and gas migrates upward with the porous rock, as it is less dense than the water, which fills the pores. Several different types of oil and gas traps exist.Occurance of natural gasNatural gas is found throughout the introduction in reservoirs deep beneath the surface of the earth and floor of the oceans. It forms as pockets of gas over crude oil de posits or is trapped in porous rock formations. Natural gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas, although non-associated natural gas is often found without the bearing of oil.When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -260f at atmospheric pressure, it condenses to a politic called liquefied natural gas (lng). One volume of this liquid deems up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas. lng weighs less than one-half that of water, actually about 45% as much. lng is odourless, colourless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized it burns only in concentrations of 5% to 15% when mixed with air. Neither lng, nor its vapour, can explode in an unconfined environment. Since lng takes less volume and weight, natural gas is liquefied for ease of storing and transporting.Natural gas is considered as a clean fuel because of its environmentally friendly properties commercialised natural gas is practically sulphur free and thus it produces close no sulp hur dioxide (so2), natural gas emits lower levels of nitrogen oxides (nox) sackings than oil or sear and emissions of carbon dioxide (co2) are less than those of other fossil fuels (according to eurogas 40-50% less than coal and 25-30% less than oil).1Natural gas chemical composition.The primary component of natural gas is methane (ch4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. it may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (c2h6), propane (c3h8) and butane (c4h10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, see also natural gas condensateNatural gas is used to produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity and as an essential raw material for many common products. Some products that use natural gas as a raw material are paints, fertilizer, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, and explosives.Slightly much than half of the homes in the coupled States use natural gas as their main heating plant fuel. Nat ural gas is also used in homes to fuel stoves, water heaters, clothes dryers, and other household appliances.The major consumers of natural gas in the United States in 2008 includedElectric power sector 6.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)Industrial sector 7.9 TcfResidential sector 4.9 TcfCommercial sector 3.1 TcfStorage of natural gasin smaller fueling locations and on vehicles, natural gas is stored in thick-walled steel, aluminum, or composite tanks built to last more than 20 years. dodo fuelA fuel that is derived from the decay of plant or animal life coal, oil, and natural gas are the fossile fuel. fossil fuels are non renewable energy.because they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed. concern about fossil fuel supplies is one of the causes of regional and global conflicts. the production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. a global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefor e under way to help meet increased energy needs. 3Liquefied natural gas uses as source of energyThe ability to liquefy the components of natural gas (either as a mixture or in isolation) has made natural gas much more practical as a energy source.. the liquefaction of natural gass components of the different boiling points of methane, ethane, and other gases as a way of purifying each substance. a combination of refrigeration and increased pressure allows the soulfulness gases to be stored and transported conveniently. at one time, the natural gas which often accompanied gaseum.in the ground was simply burned off as a means of getting rid of it. recently, however, this gas has been collected, liquefied and used along with the petroleum.4Residential uses as source of energyResidential applications are the most commonly known use of natural gas. it can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. domestic appliances are more and more impro ved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. operating costs of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of other energy sources.Commercial uses as source of energyMain commercial uses of natural gas are food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities or office buildings. commercial applications include cool (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating. rigorous natural gas as a source of energyCompressed natural gas (cng) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane fuel. cng is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane ch4), to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. it is stored and distributed in hard containers, at a normal pressure of 200-220 bar (2900-3200 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.CNG is used in traditional gasoline ingrained combustion engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles.Uses as source of energy for transpo rtationNatural gas vehicles (ngvs)NGVS are natural gas powered vehicles. natural gas can be used as a motor vehicle fuel in cardinal ways as compressed natural gas (CNG), which is the most common form, and as liquefied natural gas. natural gas vehicles fleet accounts for about one and a half million vehicles worldwide (according to the international natural gas vehicles association). concerns about air quality in most parts of the world are increasing the interest in using natural gas as a fuel for vehicles. cars using natural gas are estimated to emit 20% less greenhouse gases than gasoline or diesel cars. these vehicles are not a new technology since they have been used since the 1930s. in many countries ngvs are introduced to replace buses, taxis and other public vehicle fleets. natural gas in vehicles is inexpensive and convenient.Rating in world in transportation fuelCompressed natural gas (methane) is a cleaner alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) a nd diesel. as of 2008 there were 9,6 million natural gas vehicles worldwide, led by pakistan (2.0 million), argentina (1.7 million), brazil (1.6 million), iran (1.0 million), and india (650 thousand).1213 the energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low compression ratio of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10%-15%). cng-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuels higher octane number of 120-130.HydratesHydrateshuge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form). however, as of 2009update no technology has been develop ed to produce natural gas economically from hydrates.Domestic use as a source of energyNatural gas is supplied to homes, where it is used for such purposes as cooking in natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated clothes dryers, heating/cooling and central heating. home or other building heating may include boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. cng is used in rural homes without connections to piped-in public emolument services, or with portable grills. however, due to cng being less economical than lpg, lpg (propane) is the dominant source of rural gas5.Biogas part of natural gasWhen methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure4 by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle.Town gasTown gas is a mixture of me thane and other gases, mainly the highly toxic carbon monoxide, that can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by treating coal chemically. this is a historic technology, still used as best solution in some local circumstances, although coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices. however, depending upon infrastructure considerations, it remains a future possibilityPOWER GENRATIONPower generation electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provide energy for their power plants. in general, gas fuelled power plants have lower capital costs, are built faster, naturalise more efficiently and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants. technological improvements in design, efficiency and operation of combined motorcycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favouring the use of natural gas in power generation. a combined-cycle power plant uses waste heat to produce more electrici ty, while natural gas co-generation, also called combined heat and power, produces power and heat that is useful for industry as well as commercial users. this cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably.Fuel cellsA fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. fuel cells operate without combustion, so they are virtually pollution free. since the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the same amount of fuel. the fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. natural gas is one of the multiple fuels on which fuel cells can operate.In industries as a source of energynatural gas is used as an input to manufacture pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. gas is also used to treat waste mater ials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration.Advantages of natural gaseNatural gas is more environmentally friendly that coal or oil. it is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing very low carbon emissions. natural gas emits an estimated 70% less carbon dioxide that other fuels. natural gas burns cleaner than heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind.Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for most consumers. it is conveniently pumped to homes across the country through a network of underground pipeline. it is provided through a local providers and utility companies. 6Cost-effectiveNatural gas is more cost-effective because it is in abundant supply in the united states. this is further proven because natural gas, as opposed to oil, is not unavoidable for import from foreign countries.DisadvantagesOne disadvantage, credited as an advantage as well, is the environmental impact. experts on both sided argue these facts. it is cleaner to burn. however, natural gas is also a non-renewable resource. its use and availability is finite, as opposed to coal or oil. many critics also say natural gas extraction is leaving large-scale craters within the earth.CombustibleDue to its make-up, natural gas is combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly. with a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. when that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. the severity of the explosion depends upon the amount of the leak.Natural gas is toxic if inhaled, leading to severe health risk or even death.BIBILOGRAPHY-www.ehow.comwww.naturalgas.orghttp//tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm? rascal=natural_gas_home-basicshttp//www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp//www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.htmlwww.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htmhttp//www.getenergyaware.org/energy-natural-gas.asphttp//www.kidzworld.com/ article/1423-fossil-fuel-energy

death of a salesman :: essays research papers

I am reading The Book , Death of a salesman , by Arthur Miller. The major theme that runs throughout the loudness is the importance of being happy with who you are. This idea is seen through how others and Willy view himself. The other way we can see the theme of social acceptance is how Willy pushes it on his give-and-take Biff. Lastly the theme is exemplified by how Willy only pays attention to Biff because people like him.Willy theorizes that if a person is well-liked, then the entire world opens up to them. Willy seems to think that people dont like him, but as soon as he says something to Linda his wife she reassures him that he is well-liked. One time when he goes to take on money from Uncle Charley he tells him that if a man is impressive and respected that nothing else matters. Uncle Charley says that it is what you commit that is what counts not who likes you or not. Willy is always saying that he is vital to saucy England and that he makes so much money when he goes there. This is all totally not true. You can tell because he wont take a job there or even bring his sons which he has been promising for years. Willy is lying to himself and is seeking for reassurance in the wrong places.Willy has been pressing Biff to Believe that you have to be well liked above all ever since Biff has been a little kid. In the story Willy depends on Biff because he has so much personal attractiveness. Willy has instilled this concept from an early age and we can see this because of a few things. First, when Biff stole a football from school to trust with and told his father, he did nothing because he thought that it showed initiative and the coach would like him for it. Another way we can see that Biff struggles with acceptance is one time when he went to an interview with Oliver. He is standing in the office and he steals Olivers pen and just runs out and goes home. He stole the pen because he didnt want to wait to see Oliver. He was embarrassed for waiting so long and stole the pen and got out of there. I think it is deplorable that Willy has done this to his son.

Sub-Atomic Particles :: Physics Science Sub Atomic Particle

Introduction In Ancient Greece, many believed that everything was made up of simple particles called Atoms. They called them Atoms because they believed that they had no part and could not be broken. This had been believed for many centuries until evidence that something smaller actually existed (the electron). Once scientists found the electron, they were not satified. Scientists kept creating new theories and testing new hypothesis attempting to find what makes the dry land tick. Now, the universes fundimental particles have seemingly been found, but scientists are still searching for a more complete answer. The sub-atomic particles that are known to exist now are a strange and vast new addition to the seemingly grand scale that is our universe we live in. There are many things left to find, create, observe, and explain, but it is world nature to attempt to do these things and find out what got us here.There are many different types of sub-atomic particle. They all can be classi fied waste to 3 basic types Bosons, Fermions, and Hadrons. Of these, Bosons and Fermions are fundimental particles and therefore cannot be broken down any farther.Boson is the term for a particle with a even integers as twiddle (0, 1, 2). Spin being the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular particle.There are 5 different known bosons. These are gluons, photons, W- bosons, W+ bosons, and Z bosons. There is one more theorized boson, the graviton, but it has not been notice yet. Bosons are known as Force-Carrier Particles, and they act as inbetweens for particle interaction.The most commonly observed boson is the photon. It is the force-carrier particle for the electromagnetic force. It is massless, has a spin of 1, has no color or electromagnetic charge, and travels at c (the speed of light).Gluons are the next boson of importance. Gluons are the force-carrier particles for the self-coloured nuclear force. They are also massless, chargeless, and have a spin of 1, except they do carry a specific color charge (color charge is the indicator for the strong nuclear force). Gluons exist to keep quarks together into cohesive units with a color charge of 0.W-, W+, and Z bosons are the force-carrier particles for the weak nuclear force. individually has a specific mass, a specific electromagnetic charge and a spin of 1, but no color charge (so they do not take part in the strong force). Weak interactions are the flavor changes between particles (flavor being the specific type of particle).

Essay --

A popular writer in his own lifetime, William Shakespeares reputation became increasingly popular after(prenominal)wards his death and his work is widely performed throughout the world. He is the most quoted writer in the literature and history because of his poetries and playwrights. His most famous play was crossroads, which showed a great deal of revenge. This plays theme reflected the true essence of betrayal, hate and revenge. In this play Shakespeare shows how individuals would act towards a loves death, no matter the outcomes. In the play small town, on that point were four revengers, Hamlet himself, Laertes, Fortinbras, and Pyrrhus. However, Hamlet and Laertes will be my main focus on examining Shakespeares depiction of revenge. Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark, the son of the old King Hamlet. He is very melancholy, and bitter, full of hatred for his uncles usurpation. Laertes in the other hand is the son of Polonius. His character is very passionate but contrasts for th e reflective Hamlet. These two characters concur many comparisons in see mogul revenge after the death of their fathers. Although each has the same intentions the outcomes are dissimilar. When Hamlets father King Hamlet and Laertess father Polonius were killed, it made them want to seek revenge. The similarities that canvas these two characters are their life style and education, the emotions towards their fathers death, and the reasons for their revenge. Each character was described as young man who spend most of their times away from their families. Hamlet spends his time studying at the University of Wittenberg and Laertes spends much of the time in France. They were living their life away from all the problems that were occurring in their homes, until the news of t... ... king Hamlet get rid ofed in the garden by his nephew. There Hamlet realized that the ghosts word has been proven true and then started his revenge. Hamlet took everything much easy and took time to plan his revenge and Laertes didnt and failed. In conclusion the death of a father has a strong impact on individuals. This play endorses revenge because everyone paid for their sins. Hamlet revenged his father by killing Claudius and so did Laertes when saying virtually the plot he did with Claudius which is proven in the book and in the film I saw of Hamlet. In the film, however Laertes shots Hamlet with a gun, that then reverses and Hamlet shots him and Claudius. Revenge was taken place and both fathers murder had vengeance. Even though everyone had to die, this play shows that no matter who was involved in any plot. Everyone involved has to cede for their actions. Essay -- A popular writer in his own lifetime, William Shakespeares reputation became increasingly popular after his death and his work is widely performed throughout the world. He is the most quoted writer in the literature and history because of his poetries and playwrights. His mos t famous play was Hamlet, which showed a great deal of revenge. This plays theme reflected the true meaning of betrayal, hate and revenge. In this play Shakespeare shows how individuals would act towards a loves death, no matter the outcomes. In the play Hamlet, there were four revengers, Hamlet himself, Laertes, Fortinbras, and Pyrrhus. However, Hamlet and Laertes will be my main focus on examining Shakespeares depiction of revenge. Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark, the son of the old King Hamlet. He is very melancholy, and bitter, full of hatred for his uncles usurpation. Laertes in the other hand is the son of Polonius. His character is very passionate but contrasts for the reflective Hamlet. These two characters have many comparisons in seeking revenge after the death of their fathers. Although each has the same intentions the outcomes are dissimilar. When Hamlets father King Hamlet and Laertess father Polonius were killed, it made them want to seek revenge. The si milarities that compare these two characters are their life style and education, the emotions towards their fathers death, and the reasons for their revenge. Each character was described as young man who spend most of their times away from their families. Hamlet spends his time studying at the University of Wittenberg and Laertes spends much of the time in France. They were living their life away from all the problems that were occurring in their homes, until the news of t... ... king Hamlet murdered in the garden by his nephew. There Hamlet realized that the ghosts word has been proven true and then started his revenge. Hamlet took everything much easy and took time to plan his revenge and Laertes didnt and failed. In conclusion the death of a father has a strong impact on individuals. This play endorses revenge because everyone paid for their sins. Hamlet revenged his father by killing Claudius and so did Laertes when saying about the plot he did with Claudius which is p roven in the book and in the film I saw of Hamlet. In the film, however Laertes shots Hamlet with a gun, that then reverses and Hamlet shots him and Claudius. Revenge was taken place and both fathers murder had vengeance. Even though everyone had to die, this play shows that no matter who was involved in any plot. Everyone involved has to pay for their actions.